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DYES
▢ Classification:
❖ On the Basis of Application:
Table 1: Dyes Based on Application
Dye | Functional group / Characterized by | Bond / fixation | Colour due to | Applied to | Medium | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acid dye | -COOH, -SO3H, phenolic group | Negative ion | Wool, nylon, silk | Acid | Orange I, Orange II, Methyl orange, Methyl red | |
Basic dye | -NH2, -NR2 | Positive ion | Nylon, paper, polyesters | Base | Aniline yellow, Butter yellow | |
Direct / Substantive dye | Salts of colour acids; generally azo / nitro dyes | Hydrogen bond | Directly dyed from solution | Congo red, Martius yellow | ||
Mordant / Adjective dye | Fixed to fibre by metal ions | Metal ion bridge | Fibre + mordant | Ba → blue, Al → red, Fe → violet | Alizarin | |
Vat dye | Insoluble compound; reduction → soluble product | Oxidation on fibre | Fibres | Indigo, Anthraquinone | ||
Disperse dye | Applied as dispersion | Nylon and synthetic fibres | Celliton fast pink B, Celliton fast blue B |
◉ Special Points:
- •Alizarin red = natural alizarin
- •Vat dye forms fibrous dye by oxidation
- •Direct dye can be applied directly from solution
❖ On the Basis of Source:
Table 1: Natural vs Artificial Dyes
Source | Examples |
|---|---|
Natural | Red alizarin, Blue indigo |
Artificial | Phenolphthalein, Martius yellow, Aniline yellow |
❖ On the Basis of Chemical Structure:
Table 1: Chemical Classification of Dyes
Class | Main feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Nitro dyes | Polynitrophenols | Picric acid, Martius yellow |
Azo dyes | Contain azo group (-N=N-) as chromophore; acidic/basic group as auxochrome | Orange I, Orange II, Methyl orange, Aniline yellow, Congo red |
Triphenylmethane dyes | Triphenylmethane nucleus | Malachite green, Rosaniline, Crystal violet |
Phthalein dyes | Phthalein structure | Phenolphthalein, Eosin |
Indigoid dyes | Indigo nucleus | Indigo |
Anthraquinone dyes | Anthraquinone nucleus | Alizarin |
Ingrain dye | Water-insoluble azo dye | Para red |
◉ Azo Dye:
- •Obtained by coupling reaction
- •Largest and most important class of organic dyes
- •Chromophore = -N=N-
- •Auxochrome = acidic or basic group
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DRUGS
▢ Antiseptics:
❖ Definition: Chemical agents used on living tissues to prevent growth of microbes
Table 1: Antiseptics
Drug / Chemical | Point |
|---|---|
Dettol | Antiseptic |
Savlon | Antiseptic |
Salol | Antiseptic |
0.1% phenol | Antiseptic |
Boric acid | Antiseptic |
Iodol | Antiseptic |
Potassium permanganate | Antiseptic |
Bithionol | Antiseptic |
❖ Phenol Concentration:
Table 1: Phenol Use by Concentration
Concentration | Use |
|---|---|
0.1% phenol | Antiseptic |
1% phenol | Disinfectant |
5% phenol | Carbolic acid |
▢ Disinfectants:
❖ Definition: Chemical agents used on non-living objects to kill microbes
❖ Examples:
- •1% phenol
- •Cresol
- •Chlorine
- •H2O2
▢ Antipyretics:
❖ Function: Reduce fever
❖ Examples:
- •Paracetamol
- •Aspirin / Acetyl salicylic acid
- •Analgin
- •Phenacetin
▢ Analgesics:
❖ Function: Relieve pain
Table 1: Analgesics
Type | Examples |
|---|---|
Non-narcotic analgesics | Paracetamol, Aspirin / Acetyl salicylic acid, Analgin, Novalgin |
Narcotic opium alkaloids | Codeine, Morphine, Heroin |
▢ Anaesthetics:
❖ Function: Produce unconsciousness or inability to feel sensation
Table 1: Anaesthetics
Type | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Local anaesthetics | Insensation of certain parts only | Cocaine |
General anaesthetics | Insensation of whole body | Ether, Chloroform, Nitrous oxide (N2O), Ethylene |
▢ Hypnotics:
❖ Definition: CNS depressants that produce sleep
❖ Examples:
- •Diazepam
- •Trional
- •Vernol
▢ Sedatives:
❖ Definition: CNS depressants that reduce nervous tension and promote relaxation without producing sleep
❖ Examples:
- •Chloral (CCl3CHO)
- •Brometone
▢ Tranquilizers / Psychotherapeutic Drugs:
❖ Function:
- •Cure mental diseases
- •Reduce anxiety
- •Induce sleep
❖ Examples:
- •Barbituric acid
- •Reserpine
- •Seconal
▢ Antibiotics:
❖ Definition: Chemicals produced by microbes that prevent growth or kill other microbes
❖ Examples:
- •Penicillin
- •Streptomycin
- •Chloramphenicol
- •Ampicillin
▢ Antacids:
❖ Function: Reduce / neutralise stomach acidity
❖ Examples:
- •Mg(OH)2
- •MgCO3
- •Al(OH)3
- •Al2(SiO3)3
▢ Other Drug Classes:
Table 1: Other Important Drug Classes
Class | Function / Example |
|---|---|
Antimicrobials | Act against microbes |
Bronchodilators | Dilate bronchi |
Salbutamol | Used in asthma |
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FERTILIZERS
▢ Classification:
Table 1: Fertilizers and Functions
Fertilizer type | Main function | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Nitrogen fertilizers | Green colour to leaves; vegetative growth | Urea, CAN |
Phosphorus fertilizers | Rooting, flowering, seeding | Super phosphate of lime, Double super phosphate of lime, Triple super phosphate of lime |
Potassium fertilizers | Ripening; resistance against frost, disease and withering | KCl, K2SO4 |
▢ Nitrogen Fertilizers:
❖ Function: Green colour to leaves + growth
❖ Examples:
- •Urea
- •CAN = Calcium ammonium nitrate
▢ Phosphorus Fertilizers:
❖ Function: Rooting + flowering + seeding
Table 1: Phosphatic Fertilizers
Name | Formula |
|---|---|
Super phosphate of lime | CaH4(PO4)2 |
Double super phosphate of lime | CaH2(HPO4)2 |
Triple super phosphate of lime | Ca(H2PO4)2 |
▢ Potassium Fertilizers:
❖ Function: Ripening + resistance against frost, disease and withering
❖ Examples:
- •KCl
- •K2SO4
▢ High-Yield Recall:
Table 1: Dyes, Drugs and Fertilizers One-Liners
Clue | Answer |
|---|---|
Acid dye colour due to | Negative ion |
Basic dye colour due to | Positive ion |
Direct dye bond | Hydrogen bond |
Mordant dye example | Alizarin |
Vat dye example | Indigo |
Natural red dye | Alizarin |
Natural blue dye | Indigo |
Azo dye chromophore | -N=N- |
Largest dye class | Azo dyes |
0.1% phenol | Antiseptic |
1% phenol | Disinfectant |
5% phenol | Carbolic acid |
Antipyretic example | Paracetamol |
Antacid example | Mg(OH)2 |
Asthma drug | Salbutamol |
Nitrogen fertilizer | Urea / CAN |
Phosphorus fertilizer function | Rooting, flowering, seeding |
Potassium fertilizer function | Ripening + resistance |
Q1.
Aspirin is
📅MOE
Q2.
Drugs that reduce fever are
📅KU
Q3.
Aspirin is an acetylation product of
📅MOE
Q4.
Diazonium salts give coupling reaction with
📅MOE
Q5.
1% solution of phenol is
📅MOE
Q6.
Indigo belongs to the class of
📅BPKIHS
Q7.
Colloidal gold is used in the treatment of which disease?
📅IOM
Q8.
Aspirin is
📅MOE 2008
Q9.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is
📅MOE 2006
Q10.
Acetyl salicylic acid acts as
📅KU 2008
Q11.
The compound which needs to be avoided by people having high blood pressure is
📅BPKIHS 2003
Q12.
Bordeaux mixture, a widely used antifungal agent, is
📅BPKIHS 2000
Q13.
Which of the following properties is not shown by aspirin?
📅MOE 2012
Q14.
Which one of the following is a vat dye?
📅MOE 2012
Q15.
p-acetamidophenol is an
📅MOE 2011
Q16.
A substance which can act both as an analgesic and antipyretic is
📅MOE 2069
Q17.
The name of the organic compound DDT is
Q18.
DDT is an example of
Q19.
The poisonous gas evolved in Bhopal tragedy was
Q20.
Gammexane is
Q21.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used as
Q22.
Which of the following is an auxochrome?
Q23.
Which of the following is a correct statement?
Q24.
The example of vat dye is
Q25.
Bismarck brown is an example of
Q26.
Diazo coupling is useful to prepare some
Q27.
Which of the following is fungicide?
Q28.
Alizarin is used in
Q29.
Which of the following is not antipyretic?
Q30.
Dyes are used in
Q31.
Measles is a disease which belongs to the category of
Q32.
A substance which can be used both as analgesic and antipyretic is
Q33.
Substances which bring body temperature down are known as
Q34.
The use of chemicals for treatment of diseases is called
Q35.
Which of these is a hypnotic?
Q36.
Aspirin is the name of the organic compound
Q37.
Drug which helps to reduce anxiety and brings about calmness is
Q38.
Tranquilizers are substances used for the treatment of
Q39.
1% solution of phenol is used as
Q40.
A broad spectrum antibiotic is
Q41.
Streptomycin is a derivative of
Q42.
One of the oxidants used with liquid propellants is
Q43.
Dettol consists of
Q44.
Dynamite contains
Q45.
Which of the following is an insecticide?
Q46.
An element that is usually found in explosives is
Q47.
Which of the following can possibly be used as analgesic without causing addiction and mood modification?
Q48.
Amoxicillin is semi-synthetic modification of
Q49.
2-acetoxybenzoic acid is
Q50.
DDT is prepared by reaction of chlorobenzene with
Q51.
Freon-12 is commonly used as
Q52.
Moth balls contain
Q53.
Alizarin is
Q54.
Which of the following is an azo dye?
Q55.
Indigo belongs to the class of
Q56.
The substance used in the preparation of malachite green is
Q57.
Arsenic drugs are mainly used in the treatment of
Q58.
Medicine which is an antibiotic is
Q59.
Aspirin is an acetylation product of
Q60.
An ester used as medicine is
Q61.
Parathion is
Q62.
Which one of the following can be used as anaesthetic?
Q63.
Which one of the following is not an explosive?
Q64.
Which of the following could act as a propellant for rockets?
Q65.
Barbituric acid and its derivatives are well known as
Q66.
Which of the following gives paracetamol on acetylation?