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ANATOMY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Fig.Digestive System of Human being
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Alimentary canal
β’ Mouth: 
Credit:The PMFA journal
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β’ Lips:
β Upper lip:
β Philtrum:
- It is the depresseion in upper lip.
β Vibrissae/ Whiskers:
- Hair present in upper lip of Rabbit.
- Used to sense the movement.
β Lower lip:
Note
Lips are absent in frog.
β’ Oral cavity: 
Fig.Buccal cavity
Credit:National Cancer Institute
β’ Vestibule: Space between the lips, cheeks, gums and teeth.
β’ Oral cavity proper/ Buccal cavity:
β Lining: Stratified Squamous epithelium
β Roof:
β Palate:
β Hard palate:
β Soft palate:
β Uvula/ Velum:
- Posterior hanging part of soft palat.
- Moves upward during swallowing.
β Floor:
β Teeth:
β Tongue:
β Posterior side:
β Tonsils:
β Pharngeal/ Adenoid tonsil:
β Lingual tonsil:
β Palatine tonsil:
Note
- Tonsils are lymphoid organs.
- They are arranged in ring like pattern called as Waldeyer's ring.
β’ Oesophagus:
β’ Stomach:
β’ Cardiac part:
β Fundus:
β Body:
β’ Pyloric part:
β Pyloric canal:
β Pyloric antrum:
β’ Small intestine:
β’ Duodenum:
β’ Jejunum:
β’ Ileum:
β’ Appendix:
β’ Large intestine:
β Colon:
β’ Ascending colon:
β’ Transverse colon:
β’ Descending colon:
β’ Sigmoid colon:
β’ Rectum:
β’ Anus:
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Accessory organs
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Teeth
β’ Study of teeth: Dentistry or Odontology
β’ Origin of teeth:
β Ecto-mesodermal:
- Enamel &rarr Ectoderm
- Rest &rarr Mesoderm
β’ Parts of teeth:
β Crown: Projecting above the gum.
β Neck: Between the crown and root.
β Root: Embedded in the jaw beneath the gum.
β’ Structure of teeth:
β Enamel:
- White and shining part of teeth
- Hardest substance of Human body due to present of Fluorine
- Richest in calcium salt.
- Produced by ameloblast or amyloblast.
β Dentine:
- Hardest tissue of human body.
- Produced by odontoblast.
β Pulp cavity:
- Cavity of teeth.
- Filled with connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
- Lined by odontoblast.
β Cementum:
- Present between teeth and gums.
β Periodontal membrane:
- Holds the root in socket.
β’ Types of teeth:
β On the basis of Shape:
Name of teeth | Number in each quadrant | Uses | Special |
|---|---|---|---|
Incisor | 2 | Cutting and shearing food | Tusks of Elephant is Modified Incisor. |
Canine | 1 | Gripping and tearing food |
|
Premolar | 2 | Crushing and grinding food | |
Molar | 3 | Crushing and grinding food |
|
β notes:
- Frangs of snakes are modified maxillary teeth.
β On the basis of Appearance in life:
Name of teeth | Appearance | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Monophyodont | Once in life |
|
Diphyodont | Twice in life |
|
Polyphyodont | Many times in life |
|
β On the basis of Position in Jaw:
Name of teeth | Position in Jaw | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Thecodont | In Bony socket |
|
Pleurodont | On the lateral side of Jaw bone |
|
Acrodont | On the terminal part of Jaw bone |
|
β On the basis of Structure and Function:
Name of teeth | Appearance | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Heterodont | Different types |
|
Diphyodont | All teeth same type |
|
β On the basis of Crown:
Name of teeth | Characteristic | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Secodont | Canine teeth become long and pointed and bend backwards. |
|
Hypsodont | Crown part is large and root is small or absent. |
|
Brachyodont (Cheek teeth) | Crown part is small and root is long. |
|
β On the basis of Lophs:
Name of teeth | Lophs shape | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Lophodont |
|
|
Bunodont |
|
|
Solenodont |
|
|
Carnessial |
|
|
β’ Dental formula:
β Milk/temporary teeth in man:
β Dental formula:
β Permanent teeth in man:
β Dental formula:
β Teeth in rabbit:
β Dental formula:
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Tongue
β’ Parts:
β Papillary part:
β Location: Anterior 2/3 part of the tongue
β Papillae:
β Circumvalate papillae/ Valate papillae:
- Largest papillae.
- Least in number.
β Fungiform papillae:
- Mushroom shaped.
β Filliform papillae:
- Thread like.
- Taste buds are absent.
β Foliate papillae:
- Vestigial in human.
β Pharyngeal part:
- Posterior 1/3 part of the tongue.
β’ Taste areas:
- Salt and sweet &rarr Tip
- Sour &rarr Side
- Bitter &rarr Back
- Umami &rarr Taste of meat
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Digestive glands
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Salivary glands
Salivary glands | No. | Ducts | Location | Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Parotid gland | 1 pair | Stenson's duct | Beneath ears |
|
Sublingual gland | 1 pair | Duct of Rivinus or Duct of Bartholin | Beneath tongue |
|
Submaxillary gland or Submandibular gland | 1 pair | Wharton's duct | Jaw angles |
|
Infraorbital gland or Zygomatic gland | 1 pair | Beneath eye orbits |
|
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Control of digestive system
β’ Neural control:
β’ Hormonal control:
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Digestion process
β’ Digestion of Carbohydrates:
β’ Digestion of Fats:
β’ Digestion of Proteins:
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Absorption process
β’ Absorption of Carbohydrates and Proteins:
β’ Absorption of Fats:
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NUTRITION
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Energy giving food
β’ Carbohydrates:
β’ Fats:
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Body building food
β’ Proteins:
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Protective food
β’ Vitamins:
β’ Minerals:
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Dietary fibres
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Water
Q1.
Micelles are the bodies related to?
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2069
Q2.
Movements of circular muscles in stomach is called?
π
2010
Q3.
Bruner's gland in the mammalian gut are present in the submucosa of?
π
2010
Q4.
Dental formula for permanent teeth is?
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2012
Q5.
Paneth cells are present in?
π
2013
Q6.
A condition when the blood glucose level exceeds its normal value is called
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KU 2012
Q7.
Which of the following enzymes is not proteinaceous in nature?
π
KU 2012
Q8.
Wharton's gland is :
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BPKIHS 2012
Q9.
The sodium absorption in intestine is mainly by the process of
Q10.
Water is absorbed mainly from
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BPKIHS 2012β’IOM 1996β’IOM 1998
Q11.
Which of the following salivary glands is located at the base of the tongue?
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IE 2012
Q12.
Hardest substance in human body is:
π
IOM-2008
Q13.
Which one of the following statements is correct?
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KU 2012
Q14.
Aluminium salts cause
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BPKIHS 2012
Q15.
The chylomicron during digestion of fat contains
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MOE - 2008
Q16.
Liver of frog consists of:
π
IOM-2006
Q17.
Which of the following is not the function of liver?
π
IOM 2005
Q18.
Iron is absorbed from:
π
IOM-2004
Q19.
Dentition in frog is:
π
IOM-2004
Q20.
Which enzyme is not found in carnivore:
π
IOM 2012
Q21.
Which part is not found in frog stomach:
π
IOM 2012
Q22.
Major function of bile in case of frog is:
π
MOE 2069
Q23.
Jaundice is caused by
π
IOM-2004
Q24.
Which of the following teeth is nonfunctional in human beings?
π
IOM-2003
Q25.
Most of the drugs are metabolized in
π
IOM 1993β’IOM 2003
Q26.
Small peptides are absorbed and digested to free amino acids in:
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BPKIHS-2003
Q27.
The human vermiform appendix is an extension of :
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BPKIHS-2003
Q28.
Stool formed as solid waste produce is accumulated in large intestine. The organ known as reservoir of stool is
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IOM 1997
Q29.
Which of the following is not the part of large gut?
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IOM -2002
Q30.
Sphincter is not present between
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MOE-2002
Q31.
Glucagon is present in:
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IOM
Q32.
Dental formula of 13 years youth is
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BPKIHS-2000
Q33.
Which of the following embryo has parasitic mode of nutrition?
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IOM 2002
Q34.
Lacteals, which are related to fat absorption are
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BPKIHS-2000
Q35.
We eat butter. The end product of butter to be absorbed by the body is
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MOE 2055
Q36.
Movement of food in the intestine is by
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MOE-2054
Q37.
The number of salivary glands in rabbit is
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MOE 2053
Q38.
Secretin is secreted by the
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BPKIHS-1995
Q39.
The largest variety of digestive enzymes is found in the
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BPKIHS-1999
Q40.
Glucose is absorbed from the intestine by the process
Q41.
Most fat digestion occurs in which part of the tract?
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IOM -1996
Q42.
The substance or food which is not metabolized/ digested in the human body is
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IOM 1994,1995
Q43.
Peristalsis occurs in all expect
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IOM -1995
Q44.
The simplest form of fat digestion is
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IOM-1994
Q45.
Complete food digestion ends at
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IOM -1994
Q46.
E. coli is the normal flora of
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IOM 1994,1995
Q47.
Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by:
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IOM 1993
Q48.
Tonsil is a
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IOM -1992
Q49.
The permanent teeth get erupted first is:
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BPKIHS 2016
Q50.
Scurvy and bleeding of gums is due to deficiency of:
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BPKIHS 2016
Q51.
Number of premolars in human:
π
BPKIHS 2015
Q52.
The orifice found in between oesophagus and stomach is:
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BPKIHS 2015
Q53.
Bruner's glands are related to
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MOE 2014
Q54.
Active secretary cell in human body are:
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MOE 2012
Q55.
Micells are the bodies related to:
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MOE 2012
Q56.
Pyloric sphincter is present between
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KU 2015
Q57.
The absorption of glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides take place by the
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KU 2015
Q58.
Succus entericus is secreted by:
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IOM 2014
Q59.
Pernicious anaemia is caused due to deficiency of:
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IOM 2014
Q60.
In man, nodules of lymphoid tissue (Payer's patches) are found in:
π
IOE 2013
Q61.
Pancreatic juice contains :
π
IOM 2015
Q62.
Taste buds for bitter taste are found in our tongue at:
π
IOM 2015
Q63.
The process in which ammonia is converted to urea in the liver by combining with carbon is called
π
IOM 2015
Q64.
Deficiency of which substance causes pellagra?
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IOM 2015
Q65.
Which of the following salivary gland is absent in human beings?
π
IOM 2016
Q66.
Pancreatic juice is secreted by:
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IOM 2016
Q67.
Semi digested food entering into the duodenum is called
π
IOM-2016
Q68.
In mammals, maximum absorption of which of the following takes place in ileum?
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KU-2014
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GRB QUESTIONS