44Evolution of Human beings

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EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
S.N.
Man
Fossil evidence discovered by
Fossil evidence discovered from
Cranial capacity
Special features
Proconsul
Dryopithecus
Shivapithecus
Shivalik hills of India and Dang valley of Nepal
Ramapithecus
Lewis
Australopithecus
Raymond Dart
South Africa
First to stood erect/ showing bipedal locomotion. Southern ape
Homo habilis
Handy man
Leaky
Africa
700
First to use the tools. First probable Fossil man.
Pithecanthecanthropous erectus
Java-ape man
Dubois
Java of Africa
900
First to use fire.
Pithecanthropous erectus pekininensis
Peking man
W.C. Pie
Peiking of China
1100
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Neanderthal man
Fulrott
Neanderthal valley of Germany
1400
First cave dwellers. First to kill animals and wear animal hides. First buried the dead ceremonially.
Homo sapiens fossilis
Cromagnon man
Gregor
Crogmagnon rock of France
1600
First to use sophisticated tools and Coloured painting. Artistic man. Orthognathous face (Jaw not projecting forward)
Homo sapiens sapiens
Man of today
1400
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INTRODUCTION
▢ Fossil Evidence: The maximus number of fossils of primitive man have been excavated from Africa.
▢ Evolution Location: Evolution of man probably took place in the part of Africa between Ethiopia and South Africa.
▢ Palaeoanthropology: Study of human evolution and culture. It deals with fossil and prehistoric man.
▢ Genealogy: The sequential arrangement of stages in evolution.
▢ Fossil Evidence Limitation: The fossil evidence of human evolution is patchy and the early stages are poorly known.
▢ Controversy: There has been a great deal of controversy over primate and human relationships because of the limited number of good fossils.
▢ Taxonomic Position:
❖ Phylum: Chordata
❖ Subphylum: Vertebrata
❖ Super-class: Tetrapoda
❖ Class: Mammalia
❖ Order: Primates
❖ Suborder: Anthropoidea
❖ Superfamily: Hominoidea
❖ Family: Hominidae
❖ Genus: Homo
❖ Species: sapiens
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ORDER: PRIMATES
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Characters
  1. Complex brain that is large in relation to body size
  2. Omnivorous diet
  3. Semi-erect to erect posture
  4. Arboreal (tree-dwelling) habit
  5. Ability to spread toes and fingers apart
  6. Opposable thumb for grasping
  7. Bony sockets protecting eyes
  8. Binocular vision resulting in depth perception
  9. Well-developed eye-hand coordination
  10. Flattened face without a snout
  11. Parental care, Lengthy gestation, One birth at a time
  12. Late sexual maturity and relatively long life span
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Sub-order: prosimii
▢ Characteristics:
  1. Most are Nocturnal with large ears and eyes
  2. Possess elongated snouts for highly developed sense of smell
  3. Lemur and Lorises are the most primitive primates
▢ Examples:
❖ Tarsier:
◉ Location: Found in Philippines and East Indies
◉ Features: Insectivorous mouse-sized animals with enormous eyes for nocturnal life
◉ Note: Recently removed from prosimii and placed in Anthropoids
◉ Special: Pad like finger tips are present
❖ Lemur:
◉ Location: Confined in Madagascar Island
◉ Features: Cat-sized animals with long bushy tails, often striped black and white
◉ Diet: Feed on insects, small vertebrates and fruits
❖ Loris:
◉ Location: Occur in Africa and Asia including South India
◉ Feature: Tailless primate
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Sub-order: anthropoidea
▢ Characteristics:
  1. Differ from prosimians in structure of teeth, brain, skull and limbs
  2. Diurnal (active during day) with evolved color vision
▢ Superfamily: New World Monkeys (Ceboidea/Platyrrhini):
❖ Characters:
  1. Flat nose with widely separated nostrils
  2. Prehensile tail
  3. Non-opposable thumbs
  4. Clawed digits
  5. Found in South and Central America
  6. Number of teeth: 36
❖ Examples:
  1. Howler monkey
  2. Spider monkey
  3. Capuchin monkey
▢ Superfamily: Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea/Catarrhini):
❖ Characters:
  1. Narrow nose
  2. Short and non-prehensile tail
  3. Opposable thumbs
  4. Nailed digits
  5. Found in Africa, Southern Asia, Japan, Indonesia
❖ Examples:
  1. Baboon
  2. Langur
  3. Rhesus monkey
▢ Superfamily: Hominoids (Hominoidea):
❖ Fossil apes:
◉ Proconsul:
  1. Ancestor of today's hominoids - Apes and Humans
  2. Fossil ape from Miocene (Asia and Africa)
  3. Named in 1933 based on jaws and teeth from Kenya
  4. Name refers to a chimp named Consul at London Zoo
  5. True ape characteristics: Absence of Tail and Relatively large cranial capacity (150 cc)
◉ Dryopithecus:
  1. Fossil ape of Middle Miocene, similar to Proconsul
  2. First reported from Southern France (first fossil ape found)
  3. Partial skeleton from Spain reported in 1996
◉ Shivapithecus:
  1. Similar to Dryopithecus; skull/forelimbs like monkeys; face/jaws/teeth like apes
  2. Known from Turkey, northern India, Pakistan and China
  3. Similar to modern Orangutan with heavy jaws and broad cheek teeth
❖ Family: Hyalobatidae (Apes):
◉ Gibbons:
  1. Smallest apes
  2. Most primitive
❖ Family: Pongidae (Apes):
◉ Orangutan: About the size of Humans
◉ Gorilla:
  1. Largest of apes
  2. Most advanced
◉ Chimpanzee:
  1. Closest relative of modern man
  2. Common origin shown by chromosome number and banding pattern
  3. Human and chimpanzee DNA differs in only 1.27%
  4. Hemoglobin differs in only a single amino acid
  5. Most human-like of the apes, used in psychological experiments
❖ Family: Hominidae (Humans):
◉ Ramapithecus:
  1. Discovered by Lewis from Shivalik Hills of India
  2. Ape-like, lived on tree tops but also walked on ground
  3. Teeth and Jaws like humans
  4. Kenyapithecus (discovered by Leaky) was similar
◉ Australopithecus:
  1. Called Southern Ape
  2. Taung baby (Australopithecus africanus) discovered by Raymond Dart from Africa
  3. Immediate ancestors of humans
  4. First to show Bipedal locomotion
  5. Cranial capacity: 300-500 cc
  6. Lived in open Savannah of Eastern and Southern Africa
  7. Diet: primarily plants
◉ Homo habilis (Handy man):
  1. First probable fossil man of genus Homo
  2. First tool maker
  3. Discovered by Leaky in Olduvai Gorge of Kenya
  4. Cranial capacity: 700 cc
◉ Java-ape man (Pithecanthropus erectus):
  1. Discovered by Eugene Dubois from Java
  2. Fully adapted to upright walking
  3. Made sophisticated tools
  4. Probably communicated with language
  5. Cranial capacity: 900 cc
  6. Large protruding jaws
  7. First to use Fire
◉ Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis):
  1. Discovered by W.C. Pei from Zhoukoudian Cave near Peking
  2. Cranial capacity: about 1075 cc
  3. Slightly shorter, lighter and weaker than Java man
◉ Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis):
  1. Discovered by C. Fuhlrott from Neander valley of Germany
  2. Cranial capacity: 1400 cc (slightly larger than modern man)
  3. Protruding jaws, slightly prognathous face
  4. Short and powerfully built
  5. Made diverse tools (scrapers, spearheads, hand axes)
  6. Took care of sick and injured
  7. Believed in 'Morality of soul'
  8. Performed Ceremonial burial of the dead
  9. Lived in huts or caves
◉ Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis):
  1. Most recent ancestor of Today's man
  2. Discovered by Mac Gregor
  3. Used sophisticated tools (stone, bones, horns)
  4. Created Coloured cave paintings
  5. Lived by hunting
  6. Cranial capacity: about 1600 cc
  7. Orthognathus face
◉ Man of today (Homo sapiens sapiens):
  1. First appeared about 10000 years ago
  2. Average cranial capacity: 1360 cc
  3. Developed sound into words
  4. Important characteristics:
    5. ■ Binocular vision: Ability to maintain focus on an object with both eyes
    ■ Stereoscopic vision: Ability to view with both eyes in similar but different ways, allowing depth perception
◉ Man of future (Homo sapiens futuris):
  1. Prediction by American anthropologist Dr. Sapiro
  2. Will be taller with hairless body, dome-like head and without fifth toe
Q1.
The branch of science that deals with the study of human evolution is
Q2.
The first scientific attempt to explain the origin of man was made by
Q3.
The scientific name Homo sapiens was given by
Q4.
Humans belong to the order
Q5.
Lemurs are considered
Q6.
Order Primates is divided into two main groups
Q7.
New World monkeys belong to
Q8.
Old World monkeys are included under
Q9.
Dryopithecus or Proconsul is considered as
Q10.
Which of the following apes is the smallest ape?
Q11.
The ape regarded as the closest relative of man is
Q12.
Diploid chromosome number in gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan is
Q13.
The diploid chromosome number in humans is
Q14.
Which of the following is a major difference between apes and man?
Q15.
The cradle of human evolution is considered to be
Q16.
Australopithecus is important in human evolution because it was
Q17.
Australopithecus was discovered by
Q18.
Cranial capacity of Australopithecus was approximately
Q19.
Homo habilis is also known as
Q20.
Homo habilis was discovered by
Q21.
Pithecanthropus erectus is also called
Q22.
Java man was discovered by
Q23.
Sinanthropus pekinensis is commonly known as
Q24.
Neanderthal man was discovered from
Q25.
Which human ancestor showed ceremonial burial of the dead?
Q26.
Cro-Magnon man is scientifically called
Q27.
Cranial capacity of Cro-Magnon man was about
Q28.
Modern man is scientifically called