33Respiratory system

πŸ“š
ANATOMY
β–’ Nose:
❖ External nose:
Image 1
β—‰ Root:
β—‰ Dorsum:
β—‰ Tip:
β—‰ Anterior nares (Nostril):
β—‰ Nasal septum:
β—‰ Columella:
❖ Nasal cavity:
β—‰ Roof:
β—‰ Floor:
β—‰ Medial wall:
Image 1
β—‰ Lateral wall:
Image 1
β—ˆ Conchae:
  1. They are shelf-like bony projections
  2. Increase the surface area of the nose for effective air-conditioning of the inspired air.
β—ˆ Meatuses:
  1. They are the passages beneath the overhanging conchae.
  2. They communicates with the paranasal sinuses.
β–’ Paranasal sinuses:
❖ Function:
  1. Acts as resonant for voice.
Image 1
Frontal sinus
Maxiallary sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
Largest sinus
β–’ Pharynx:
Image 1
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Passage
Only respiratory passage
Both respiratory and digestive passage
Only digestive passage
Lining
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Special features
Connects to middle ear by Eustachian tube
β–’ Larynx:
❖ Laryngeal cartilages:
Unpaired Cartilage (@ETC)
Paired Cartilage (@ACC)
  1. Epiglottis – Elastic cartilage
  2. Thyroid – Hyaline cartilage
  3. Cricoid – Hyaline cartilage
  1. Arytenoid – Hyaline cartilage
  2. Cuneiform – Elastic cartilage
  3. Corniculate – Elastic cartilage
Image 1
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Shape
Leaf like
V shaped
Signet ring
Pyramidal
-
-
Significance
- Prvents entry of particulate matter (food) in respiratory tract
  1. Adam's apple or Rudraghanti
    • β€’
      Due to prominent ventral aspect in male after puberty due to Testosterone
Landmark for making emergency airway (tracheostomy)
-
-
-
❖ Laryngeal cavity:
Image 1
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β—‰ Vocal cord:
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Location
Upper vocal fold
Lower vocal fold
False vocal cord
True vocal cord
Space between
Rima vestibuli
Rima glottidis
β—‰ Sinus of Morgagni/ Ventricle of the Larynx: Space between two vocal cord
β—‰ Saccule of the larynx: Upward prolongation of anterior part of Sinus of Morgagni
β—‰ Oil canal of larynx: Mucous glands of saccule of the larynx which lubricates the vocal folds
β–’ Trachea/ Wind pipe:
Image 1
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❖ Length: 10-15 cm
❖ Cartilage: 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage, incomplete posteriorly
❖ Muscle: Trachealis muscle at posterior side
❖ Lining: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
β–’ Bronchi:
❖ Key: Upto
β–’ Bronchioles:
❖ Key: From
❖ Terminal bronchioles:
❖ Respiratory bronchioles:
β–’ Alveoli:
❖ Alveolar duct:
❖ Alveolar sac:
β–’ Lungs:
Right lung
Left lung
1Β° Bronchus
  1. Shorter
  2. Wider
  3. Vertical
  1. Longer
  2. Narrower
  3. Inclined
2Β° Bronchus (Lobar bronchi)
3 in number
2 in number
3Β° Bronchus (Segmental bronchi)
10 in number
8-10 in number
Infection rate
High
Low
Bigger
Smaller
β–’ 3 lobes:
❖ Anterior:
❖ Middle:
❖ Posterio:
β–’ 2 lobes:
❖ Anterior:
❖ Posterio:
Fissures
  1. Horizontal fissure
  2. Oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
-
Cardiac notch is present
β–’ Diaphragm:
πŸ“š
PHYSIOLOGY
β–’ Breathing/ Pulmonary ventilation:
β–’ Gaseous exchange:
❖ Exchange of gas between alveoli and blood vessels:
❖ Exchange of gas between blood vessels and tissue:
β–’ Transport of gases:
β–’ Respiratory volumes:
β–’ Respiratory capacities:
β–’ Control of Respiration:
❖ Nervous control of Respiration:
❖ Hormonal control of Respiration:
Q1.
Air-sacs are modifications of
πŸ“…MOE 2069
Q2.
Bohr's effect is the:
πŸ“…MOE 2069/2068
Q3.
Eustachian tube connects:
πŸ“…IOM 2009/MOE 2065 kartik/MOE 2065 asadh
Q4.
Total number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single haemoglobin molecule under normal partial Pressure
πŸ“…KU 2012
Q5.
The normal volume of air that is expelled or inhaled during normal breathing is:
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2012
Q6.
Pneumotaxic centre related to respiration is located
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2012
Q7.
Respiratory centers which control inspiration and expiration are located in:
Q8.
Hyaline cartilage is found in:
πŸ“…MOE 2066
Q9.
When CO2 concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes;
πŸ“…IE 2010
Q10.
A unique feature of mammalian body is presence of :
πŸ“…IE 2009
Q11.
The amount of air which cannot be expelled from the lungs is called:
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2007
Q12.
People living in high altitude will have
πŸ“…IOM 2006
Q13.
Haemoptysis means
πŸ“…IOM 2006
Q14.
Amount of air expelled during normal breathing at rest is referred as:
πŸ“…KU 2006
Q15.
Total lung capacity is
πŸ“…IOM 2005
Q16.
A person dying due to lack of breathing has
πŸ“…IOM -2005
Q17.
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme is required for the transportation of:
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2005
Q18.
Vital capacity refers to the
πŸ“…IOM 2004
Q19.
High altitude sickness is due to
πŸ“…IOM - 2000
Q20.
One of the following muscles is not involved in quiet respiration
πŸ“…IOM - 1995
Q21.
Body temperature is regulated by
πŸ“…IOM 1995
Q22.
Active respiration includes all except
πŸ“…IOM 1994
Q23.
When iron of hemoglobin changes from Fe+2 to Fe+3 the changed hemoglobin is called
πŸ“…IOM 1993
Q24.
During expiration, abdomen moves inward and diaphragm
πŸ“…IOM - 1993
Q25.
The normal pressure within the thoracic pleural cavity is
πŸ“…IOM-1993
Q26.
Basal metabolic rate depends on
πŸ“…IOM 1993
Q27.
In adult humans, trachea bifurcates at the level of thoracic vertebra
πŸ“…IOM
Q28.
Hamburger Phenomenon is related with
πŸ“…KU 2013
Q29.
Dypsnea is:
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2016
Q30.
A person inhabiting the environment of high atmospheric pressure develops with respiratory disorder:
πŸ“…BPKIHS 2015
Q31.
Bohr's effect is the:
πŸ“…MOE 2012