π
HEAD
β’ Hypothalamus:
β Function: Hypothalamic hormones β pituitary regulation
β’ Pituitary Gland // Hypophysis:
β Hypothalamic Hormones β Anterior Pituitary:
Table 1: HypothalamusβPituitary Axis
Hypothalamic hormone | Target pituitary cell | Pituitary hormone |
|---|---|---|
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) | Thyrotrophs | Thyrotropin // Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) | Corticotrophs | Corticotropin // Adreno-Cortico-Tropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) | Gonadotrophs | β Gonadotrophic Hormones:
|
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) | Somatotrophs | Growth Hormone (GH) |
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) // Somatostatin | Somatotrophs | β Growth Hormone (GH) |
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH) | Lactotrophs | Prolactin |
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) // Dopamine | Lactotrophs | β Prolactin |
β Anterior Pituitary // Adenohypophysis:
β Hormones:
- Thyrotropin // Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Corticotropin // Adreno-Cortico-Tropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
β Gonadotrophic Hormones:
Table 1: Gonadotrophins
Hormone | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
FSH | Spermatogenesis | Follicular growth |
LH | Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) | Luteotropin |
β Growth Hormone Abnormalities:
Table 1: GH Disorders
Age | Hyposecretion | Hypersecretion |
|---|---|---|
Child | Dwarfism | Gigantism |
Adult | β | Acromegaly |
β Intermediate Pituitary // Pars Intermedia:
β Hormone:
Table 1: Pars Intermedia
Hormone | Function |
|---|---|
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Stimulates melanin secretion |
β Posterior Pituitary // Pars Nervosa // Neurohypophysis:
β Hormones:
Table 1: Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Hormone | Synonyms |
|---|---|
Oxytocin | Pitocin // Birth hormone // Milk-ejecting hormone // Emotional hormone // Cuddle hormone |
Vasopressin | Pitressin // Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) |
β’ Pineal Gland // Epiphysis Cerebri:
β Synonyms // Features:
- β’Resembles pine tree
- β’Seat of soul
- β’Remnant of third eye
- β’Brain sand β Ca + Mg salt deposits
β Hormones:
Table 1: Pineal Hormones
Hormone | Function |
|---|---|
Melatonin | Antagonist to Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) |
Serotonin | Vasoconstrictor β β blood pressure |
Adrenoglomerulotropin | Stimulates zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex β aldosterone secretion |
β Melatonin Regulation:
Table 1: LightβDark Effect
Condition | Effect |
|---|---|
Darkness | Stimulates pineal gland β β melatonin |
Light | Inhibits pineal gland β β melatonin |
π
NECK
β’ Thyroid Gland:
β Thyroxine:
β Secretion: Thyroid follicles // follicular cells β simple cuboidal epithelium
β Abnormalities:
Table 1: Thyroxine Disorders
Age // Type | Hyposecretion | Hypersecretion |
|---|---|---|
Child | β Cretinism:
| β |
Adult | β Myxoedema // Gull's disease:
| β |
Goitre | Simple goitre | β Toxic goitre:
|
Autoimmune | β | Hashimoto's disease |
β Graves' Disease // Basedow's Disease:
- β’Eyeball protrusion
- β’Mucus accumulation in eye orbits
- β’Abnormally high metabolic rate
β Hashimoto's Disease: Autoimmune thyroid disease
β Calcitonin // Thyro-Calcitonin (TCT):
β Secretion: Parafollicular cells // C-cells
β Main Effect:
β Mechanisms:
- β’Bone formation β osteoblastic activity
- β’
β Relation: Antagonistic to parathormone
β’ Parathyroid Gland:
β Hormone: Parathormone // Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
β Main Effect:
β Mechanisms:
- β’Bone destruction β osteoclastic activity
- β’β absorption from gastrointestinal tract
β Abnormalities:
Table 1: Parathyroid Disorders
Age // Condition | Hyposecretion | Hypersecretion |
|---|---|---|
Children | Rickets | β |
Adult | Osteomalacia | β |
Neuromuscular | Tetany | β |
π
BODY
β’ Thymus Gland:
β Synonyms:
- β’The throne of immunity
- β’Training school of T-lymphocytes
- β’Master gland of immunity
β Parts:
Table 1: Thymus Parts
Part | Feature |
|---|---|
Cortex | Outer part |
Medulla | Contains thymic // Hassall's corpuscles |
β Hormones:
Table 1: Thymic Hormones
Hormone | Function |
|---|---|
Thymosin | Stimulating effect on entire immune system |
Thymopoietin // Thymin | Inhibits acetylcholine release at motor nerve endings |
β’ Pancreas:
β Islets of Langerhans // Pancreatic Islets:
Table 1: Pancreatic Islet Cells
Cell | Hormone | Function // Note | Abnormality |
|---|---|---|---|
Glucagon | β blood glucose | β Hypersecretion: Hyperglycemia β high sugar level in blood β Hyposecretion: β | |
β Hormones:
| β Insulin:
| β Hyposecretion: Diabetes mellitus β Hypersecretion: β | |
Somatostatin // Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GH-IH) | Inhibits glucagon + insulin secretion | β | |
F-cells | Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) | Inhibits gall bladder contraction | β |
β’ Adrenal Gland // Suprarenal Gland:
β Synonym: 4S gland
β 4S:
- β’Sugar metabolism
- β’Salt retaining
- β’Source of energy
- β’Sex hormones
Q1.
The height of a person depends upon secretion of growth hormone. This hormone is secreted by
π
IOM 1997
Q2.
The thyroid hormone is involved in
π
IOM 1997
Q3.
Which of the following hormones belongs to catecholamines?
π
IOM 1993
Q4.
Development of moustache in female is due to excessive secretion of
π
IOM 1992
Q5.
A diabetic person can safely take
π
IOM 1992
Q6.
Which of the following glands atrophies after puberty?
π
IOM 1993
Q7.
Endocrine gland causing seasonal migration in birds is
π
IOM 1994
Q8.
Glands and ducts are internally lined by
π
IOM 1993
Q9.
Muscle spasms may occur in deficiency of
π
IOM 2004
Q10.
NOT an endocrine gland is
π
IOM 2000
Q11.
Which of the following occurs in hyperthyroidism?
π
IOM 1995
Q12.
Glucagon is
π
IOM 1996
Q13.
Sex hormones are secreted by
π
IOM 1996
Q14.
FSH and LH are secreted by
π
IOM 1995
Q15.
Diabetes insipidus is caused by imbalance of
π
IOM 1994
Q16.
Odd one out
π
IOM 1991
Q17.
Endocrinology denotes the study of
π
IOM 2006
Q18.
If a hypothyroid female gives birth to a child, the child will be
π
IOM 2005
Q19.
Islets of Langerhans are found in
π
MOE 2056
Q20.
Cell secretion for hormone production is done by
π
MOE 2000
Q21.
Study of ductless gland is called
π
MOE 2002
Q22.
The malformation of which hormone causes hyperglycemia in blood?
π
MOE 2060
Q23.
Diabetes is due to lack of
π
MOE 2061
Q24.
Hormone responsible for the release of pancreatic juice to digest food is
π
MOE 2062
Q25.
What is the name of the disease caused by deficiency of thyroxin?
π
MOE 2052
Q26.
Cushing disease is due to excessive stimulation of
π
MOE 2053
Q27.
Hunger and thirst are controlled by
π
BPKIHS 1997β’BPKIHS 2001
Q28.
Temperature is under direct control of
π
BPKIHS 1998
Q29.
Secretin is secreted by the
π
BPKIHS 1999
Q30.
In pancreas, insulin and glucagon secretion is done by
π
BPKIHS 2003
Q31.
Which of the following secretes the same hormone?
π
BPKIHS 2001
Q32.
Tetany is caused by
π
BPKIHS 2004
Q33.
Acromegaly results due to excess production of
π
BPKIHS 2007
Q34.
Progesterone is secreted by
π
BPKIHS 1997
Q35.
Life-saving hormone is
π
BPKIHS
Q36.
Hormones are secreted by
π
MOE 2054
Q37.
Grave's disease is caused due to
π
MOE 2008
Q38.
The disease in adult due to hyperactivity of thyroid gland is called
π
MOE 2008
Q39.
Dwarfism is caused due to hyposecretion of
π
MOE 2008
Q40.
Cushing's disease is due to excessive stimulation of
π
MOE 2063
Q41.
Insulin is
π
MOE 2063
Q42.
Iodine is richly found in
π
MOE 2061
Q43.
The formation of glycogen from glucose is
π
MOE 2061
Q44.
Which enzyme helps in protein digestion?
π
MOE 2060
Q45.
The secretion of which of the following causes contraction of gall bladder?
π
MOE 2060
Q46.
Enzymes can be wholly described as
π
MOE 2002
Q47.
Secretion of pancreatic juice is regulated by
π
MOE 2058
Q48.
Which of the following is endocrine gland?
π
MOE 2000
Q49.
Ptyalin is the secretion of
π
MOE 2000
Q50.
Pituitary body is found in
π
MOE 2056
Q51.
One of the following is produced by living organisms that hastens or slows the process of digestion
π
MOE 2055
Q52.
The growth and maturation of ovum in mammals is caused by
π
IE 2011
Q53.
Steroid hormone is
π
IE 2006
Q54.
Neuropeptide hormone is
π
IE 2006
Q55.
HCG is secreted by
π
IE 2008
Q56.
Parathyroid gland is present near
π
IE 2002
Q57.
Oxytocin is secreted by
π
BPKIHS 2014β’BPKIHS 2016
Q58.
The function of pituitary is controlled by
π
IOM 2013
Q59.
Basal metabolic rate is controlled by the secretion of
π
BPKIHS 2016
Q60.
Which of the following is secreted by adrenal medulla?
π
IOM 2015
Q61.
Secretion of which gland is NOT under the control of pituitary gland?
π
IOM 2015
Q62.
Which of the following is both exocrine and endocrine gland?
π
IOM 2016
Q63.
Posterior pituitary releases
π
IOM 2016
Q64.
Addison's disease is caused due to deficiency of
π
IOM 2016
Q65.
The centre for regulation of body temperature and eating is
π
IOM 2016
Q66.
Which one of the following is not a sex hormone?
π
MOE 2014β’MOE 2012
Q67.
Which cellular component of blood is responsible for production of antibodies?
π
MOE 2014
Q68.
Adrenaline is
π
MOE 2014
Q69.
Hypersecretion of GH causes
π
MOE 2014
Q70.
Pituitary gland in mammals is under the control of
π
MOE 2014
Q71.
Cretinism or dwarfism is caused due to hyposecretion of
π
MOE 2012
Q72.
Pituicytes are found in
π
KU 2014
Q73.
Secretion of gastric gland is inhibited by
π
KU 2014
Q74.
Oxytocin is secreted by
π
KU 2014
Q75.
Which of the following is not secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland?
π
KU 2014
Q76.
A condition when blood glucose level exceeds its normal value is called
π
KU 2012
Q77.
Which of the following enzymes is not proteinaceous in nature?
π
KU 2012
Q78.
Which centre is stimulated during increase in body temperature?
π
KU 2012