25Bryophyta

📚
BRYOPHYTA
▢ Study:
❖ Bryology: Study of Bryophyta.
▢ History:

Table 1: History of Bryophyta

Point
Scientist
Father of Bryology
Hedwig
Term Bryophyta
Robert Braun
▢ General Characters:
  • •
    First land plants.
  • •
    Generally sciophytic = shade-loving.
  • •
    Known as amphibians of plant kingdom because water is needed for fertilization.
  • •
    Chloroplast usually without pyrenoid.
  • •
    Pyrenoid present in Anthoceros.
  • •
    Anthoceros = most primitive bryophyte.
  • •
    Attachment organs = rhizoids and scales.
  • •
    General height = \(15-20\,cm\).
▢ Exceptions to Sciophytic Habit:

Table 1: Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Bryophytes

Habit
Examples
Aquatic
  • •
    Riccia fluitans
  • •
    Ricciocarpus natans
  • •
    Riella
  • •
    Fontinalis antipyretica
Semi-aquatic
  • •
    Sphagnum
▢ Size Range:

Table 1: Size of Bryophytes

Bryophyte
Size
Importance
Zoopsis
\(0.5-5\,cm\)
Smallest bryophyte.
Dawsonia
\(65\,cm\)
Largest bryophyte.
Fontinalis
Longest bryophyte.
Aquatic moss.
▢ Organs of Attachment:

Table 1: Rhizoids vs Scales

Feature
Rhizoids
Scales
Nature
Root-like attachment structures.
Scale-like protective/attachment structures.
Cellularity
  • •
    Mostly unicellular in liverworts and hornworts.
  • •
    Multicellular in mosses.
Multicellular.
Types
  • •
    Smooth-walled.
  • •
    Tuberculated-walled.
  • •
    Ligulate = tongue-like.
  • •
    Appendiculate = appendage-like.
▢ Reproduction:
▢ Types:
  • •
    Vegetative reproduction.
  • •
    Sexual reproduction.
▢ Vegetative Reproduction:

Table 1: Vegetative Reproduction in Bryophyta

Method
Main Point
Fragmentation
Plant body breaks into fragments; each fragment develops into new plant.
Death and decay of older part
Older part dies; two younger parts separate and develop into new plants.
Gemma
  • •
    Gemma cups produced on dorsal surface.
  • •
    Gemmae formed inside gemma cup.
  • •
    Each gemma can develop into two plants.
Apospory
Gametophyte forms directly from sporophytic tissue without spore formation.
Apogamy
Sporophyte forms directly from gametophytic tissue without gamete formation.
Parthenogenesis
Gamete develops directly into sporophyte or fruit without fertilization.
Bulbil formation
  • •
    Rounded bulbils form at base of plant near rhizoids.
  • •
    On separation, each bulbil develops into new plant.
Related Term
❖ Parthenocarpy: Formation of seedless fruit.
▢ Sexual Reproduction:
❖ Sex Organs: Male and female reproductive organs are multicellular and jacketed.

Table 1: Antheridium vs Archegonium

Feature
Antheridium
Archegonium
Sex
Male reproductive organ.
Female reproductive organ.
Structure
Multicellular and jacketed.
Multicellular, jacketed, flask-shaped.
Product
Biflagellated curved male gametes.
Egg cell.
Parts
Produces male gametes.
  • •
    Egg cell.
  • •
    Venter canal cell \((VCC)\).
  • •
    Neck canal cell \((NCC)\).
❖ Fertilization and Sporophyte Formation:
  • •
    Movement of male gamete is chemotactic.
  • •
    Fertilization is internal.
  • •
    Zygote develops into embryo.
  • •
    Embryo differentiates into sporophyte.
  • •
    Embryo is protected by venter wall called calyptra \((n)\).
❖ Sporophyte:
  • •
    Main part = sporophytic capsule.
  • •
    Inside capsule, haploid spores are formed.
  • •
    Spores are homosporous.
▢ Classification:

Table 1: Classification of Bryophyta

Characters
Hepaticopsida / Liverworts
Anthocerotopsida / Hornworts
Bryopsida / Mosses
Plant body
Thalloid and prostrate.
Thalloid and prostrate.
Foliose and erect.
Rhizoids
  • •
    Unicellular.
  • •
    Smooth-walled.
  • •
    Tuberculated.
Unicellular.
Multicellular.
Scales
Present \((+ve)\).
Absent \((-ve)\).
Absent \((-ve)\).
Sporophyte consists of
  • •
    Foot.
  • •
    Seta.
  • •
    Capsule.
  • •
    Foot.
  • •
    Capsule.
  • •
    Seta absent.
  • •
    Foot.
  • •
    Seta.
  • •
    Capsule.
Examples
  • •
    Riccia.
  • •
    Marchantia.
  • •
    Anthoceros.
  • •
    Pyrenoid present.
  • •
    Most primitive bryophyte.
  • •
    Pseudoelaters present.
  • •
    Sporophyte relatively independent.
  • •
    Funaria = cord moss / green moss.
  • •
    Sphagnum = bog moss / peat moss / aquatic moss.
  • •
    Polytrichum.
▢ Important Examples:

Table 1: Common Names of Bryophytes

Example
Common Name / Importance
Funaria
  • •
    Cord moss.
  • •
    Green moss.
Sphagnum
  • •
    Bog moss.
  • •
    Peat moss.
  • •
    Aquatic moss.
Anthoceros
  • •
    Hornwort.
  • •
    Most primitive bryophyte.
  • •
    Pyrenoid present.
▢ False Moss:
1
False moss is?
→
All: club moss, spike moss and reindeer moss.

Table 1: False Moss Examples

Name
Actual Group
Club moss = Lycopodium
Pteridophyta.
Spike moss = Selaginella
Pteridophyta.
Reindeer moss = Cladonia
Lichen.
High-yield Summary
❖ Study: Bryology.
❖ Father of Bryology: Hedwig.
❖ First land plant: Bryophyta.
❖ Amphibian of plant kingdom: Needs water for fertilization.
❖ Most primitive bryophyte: Anthoceros.
❖ Smallest bryophyte: Zoopsis.
❖ Largest bryophyte: Dawsonia.
❖ Longest bryophyte: Fontinalis.
❖ Main sporophyte part: Capsule.
❖ Spores: Haploid and homosporous.
Q1.
Which one of the following lack vascular tissues? [MOE 206
📅MOE 206
Q2.
The amphibians of plant kingdom is:  [MOE 2003)
📅MOE 2003)
Q3.
Perichaetium is found in: [MOE 2002]
📅MOE 2002
Q4.
Marchantia belongs to which of the following class? [MOE 2002]
📅MOE 2002
Q5.
Ventral canal cell found in the archegonium of Marchantia is: [MOE 2058]
📅MOE 2058
Q6.
Tuberculated rhizoids are found in: [MOE 2000]
📅MOE 2000
Q7.
Gametophyte of Marchantia is:  [MOE 2056]
📅MOE 2056
Q8.
In archegonium of moss, the cell just above the egg cell is : [MOE 2055]
📅MOE 2055
Q9.
Conjugation results in the formation of: [MOE 2054]
📅MOE 2054
Q10.
Elaters of Marchantia are found in: [MOE 2053]
📅MOE 2053
Q11.
Moss capsule is [MOE 2052]
📅MOE 2052
Q12.
Bryophytes consists of:  [IOM 2000]
📅IOM 2000
Q13.
All of the following are true for bryophyta except:  [IOM 1997
📅IOM 1997
Q14.
What happen if mature moss sporophyte is detached from the moss plant carefully:  [IOM 1997]
📅IOM 1997
Q15.
Chlorophyll is found in: [IOM 1996]
📅IOM 1996
Q16.
Annulus of moss capsule separates [BPKIHS 1994)
📅BPKIHS 1994)
Q17.
Haploid plant body is found in: [BPKIHS 1999]
📅BPKIHS 1999
Q18.
Protonema is the:
📅[BPKIHS 1998)
Q19.
True moss is [BPKIHS 2005]
📅BPKIHS 2005
Q20.
Which of the following is an aquatic not bryophyte?
Q21.
Sterile leaves that surround the archegonium of Funaria is [IE 2008]
📅IE 2008
Q22.
Embryonic development of bryophytes occur in [IE 2006]
📅IE 2006
Q23.
Pseudoelaters are present in  [MOE 2069]
📅MOE 2069
Q24.
The characteristic feature of bryophytes in plant  kingdom is  [BPKIHS - 2015]
📅BPKIHS - 2015
Q25.
Funaria differ from Cycas due to the following reason.  [BPKIHS - 2014]
📅BPKIHS - 2014
Q26.
Rhizoids of Riccia are  [BPKIHS - 2013]
📅BPKIHS - 2013
Q27.
Peristome of Funaria has  [BPKIHS - 2011, 2009]
📅BPKIHS - 2011, 2009
Q28.
Protonema is the stage in the life cycle of [IOM-2015]
📅IOM-2015
Q29.
In moss, capsule represents  (MOE 2014)
📅MOE 2014
Q30.
Hornwort is named for [MOE 2012]
📅MOE 2012
Q31.
Independent sporophytes of bryophytes are found in [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q32.
Peristome of capsule in Funaria helps in [MOE 2010]
📅MOE 2010
Q33.
Elaters and pseudoelaters help in [MOE 2010]
📅MOE 2010