11Linkage and Crossing over

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SEX LINKED INHERITANCE
Definition: Inheritance of traits present on sex chromosomes
Discovery:

Table 1: Sex-linked inheritance facts

Point
Data
First X-linked trait observed by
T. H. Morgan
Organism
Drosophila
Observation
White-eyed fly among red-eyed flies
Inheritance pattern
Criss-cross inheritance
Transmission
Father → daughter → grandson
Key Rule:
  • X-linked gene transmitted from father to grandson through daughter
  • Pattern → criss-cross inheritance
Human Sex-linked Inheritance:
X-linked Inheritance:
Colour Blindness / Red-Green Blindness / Daltonism:
Cause: Defective recessive gene on X-chromosome
Defect: Absence of colour-sensitive cells in retina
Feature: Unable to distinguish red + green colour; appear grey
Transmission: Colour-blind man → daughter → half of next generation
Haemophilia / Bleeder's Disease / Royal Disease:
Cause: Recessive gene on X-chromosome
Defect: Lack of clotting factor in blood; Factor VIII
Clotting Time:

Table 1: Blood clotting time

Condition
Clotting time
Normal
\(2-8\) minutes
Haemophilia
30 minutes–24 hours
Special Points:
  • Common in royal families of England + Russia
  • Inheritance pattern described by Nasse → Nasse’s law
  • Haemophilic son → non-viable / does not attain sexual maturity
  • Males → sufferers
  • Females → carriers
Muscular Dystrophy: Listed only