📚
THALLOPHYTA
📖
Term
Thallophyta → Endlicher
📖
Main plant body
📖
Spirogyra main plant body
📝
Correct
📝
Options
📚
STAGES OF PLANT
📖
Life cycle stages
- •Sporophytic stage → spore-producing stage
- •Gametophytic stage → gamete-producing stage
Table 1: Dominant Plant Body
Group | Main Plant Body | Nature |
|---|---|---|
Thallophyta | Gametophyte | |
Bryophyta | Gametophyte | |
Pteridophyta | Sporophyte | |
Gymnosperms | Sporophyte | |
Angiosperms | Sporophyte |
📖
Pteridophyta
- •Sporophyte → independent
- •Gametophyte → independent
- •Distinct alternation of generation → present
📖
Alternation of generation
📝
Definition
Multicellular diploid sporophyte ↔ multicellular haploid gametophyte
📝
Example
Embryophytes → Bryophyta to Pteridophyta
📝
Present In
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
📝
Distinct Alternation
Pteridophyta
📚
ALGAE
Q1.
Spiral shaped chloroplast is found in: [MOE - 2008]
📅MOE - 2008
Q2.
Spirogyra belongs to order: [MOE-2063 Falgun]
📅MOE-2063 Falgun
Q3.
Water bloom is caused by: [MOE-2060]
📅MOE-2060
Q4.
Brown algae is found in: [MOE - 2003]
📅MOE - 2003
Q5.
Reticulate type chloroplast is present in [MOE-2003 ]
📅MOE-2003
Q6.
Nostoc belongs to: [MOE-2002, 2058)
📅MOE-2002, 2058)
Q7.
True nucleus is absent in: [MOE-2057]
📅MOE-2057
Q8.
Heterocyst are found in: [MOE-2056
📅MOE-2056
Q9.
Zygospore of Spirogyra is: [MOE-2055]
📅MOE-2055
Q10.
Nostoc reproduces by [MOE-2053
📅MOE-2053
Q11.
Zygospore is found in which of the following: [MOE-2060]
📅MOE-2060
Q12.
Which one is biofertilizers: [MOE - 2008)
📅MOE - 2008)
Q13.
Which of the following causes red rust of tea ? [IOM - 1997]
📅IOM - 1997
Q14.
Prokaryotic cell structure is found in: [IOM -1999
📅IOM -1999
Q15.
Nutritious culture medium is obtained from: [IOM -2006]
📅IOM -2006
Q16.
The parasitic algae is: [IOM 2002, 1999, 2010]
📅IOM 2002, 1999, 2010
Q17.
The gametes of Chlamydomonas are: [IOM-200)
📅IOM-200)
Q18.
Blue green algae is the name for: [IOM- 2060
📅IOM- 2060
Q19.
All algae contain: [IOM - 1997, 1996]
📅IOM - 1997, 1996
Q20.
During germination of zygospore in Spirogyra takes place: [IOM 199
📅IOM 199
Q21.
Pyrenoids are: [BPKIHS 2005 )
📅BPKIHS 2005 )
Q22.
The algae which helps in the fixation of nitrogen belongs to class. [BPKIHS 1997]
📅BPKIHS 1997
Q23.
Algae is characterized by:[BPKIHS 1994]
📅BPKIHS 1994
Q24.
Red colour of the red algae is due to the presence of [BPKIMS 1994)
📅BPKIMS 1994)
Q25.
Algae found in thermal springs belong to [IE-2002)
📅IE-2002)
Q26.
Although various types of gametes flow in water but particular gamete can fuse only with particular gamete. This is a kind of [IE - 2002]
📅IE - 2002
Q27.
Chlamydomonas is [IE - 2002]
📅IE - 2002
Q28.
Among the followings, the most complete cellular structure is found in: [IE - 2002]
📅IE - 2002
Q29.
Green alga belongs to [IE - 2005]
📅IE - 2005
Q30.
Organisms that fix nitrogen in aquatic habitat are [IE - 2009]
📅IE - 2009
Q31.
Cyanobacteria are: [IE - 2002]
📅IE - 2002
Q32.
Spores of true slime moulds are produced in structure is called: [IE - 2007]
📅IE - 2007
Q33.
Nostoc is found symbotic with [KUMET 2010]
📅KUMET 2010
Q34.
Nutritive substance required for tissue culture is obtained from [BPKIHS - 2016]
📅BPKIHS - 2016
Q35.
The parasitic green algae is: [BPKIHS - 2014]
📅BPKIHS - 2014
Q36.
Culture media is extracted from [BPKIHS - 2014]
📅BPKIHS - 2014
Q37.
Haplontic life cycle is present in [BPKIHS - 2012]
📅BPKIHS - 2012
Q38.
Which of the following alga has heterotrichous habitat? [BPKIHS - 2011)
📅BPKIHS - 2011)
Q39.
Agar agar and carageenin are obtained from [IOM-2014]
📅IOM-2014
Q40.
Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is [MOE 2014]
📅MOE 2014
Q41.
Chemical constituent of pyrenoid that stores starch is [MOE 2014)
📅MOE 2014)
Q42.
Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is [MOE 2013]
📅MOE 2013
Q43.
Motile reproductive bodies are absent in [MOE 2012]
📅MOE 2012
Q44.
How many species have been recorded on the earth? [MOE 2012]
📅MOE 2012
Q45.
Sexual reproduction by conjugation is found in algae [MOE 2068)
📅MOE 2068)
Q46.
Carl Linneaus is credited for introducing [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q47.
Nitrogen fixation is done by [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q48.
All living organisms of the earth belong to [MOE 2010]
📅MOE 2010
📚
NOSTOC
📖
Classification
- •Class → Cyanophyceae
- •Order → Nostocales
📖
Habitat
- •Generally aquatic
- •Some terrestrial → rice field
- •Coralloid root of Cycas
- •Leaf of Azolla
📖
Thallus
- •Filamentous algae
- •Filaments aggregate → rounded/oval colony
- •Colonial algae
📖
Heterocyst
Table 1: Heterocyst Features
Feature | Function |
|---|---|
Large size | Differentiated cell |
Thick covering | Perennation |
Polar nodules | Hormogonia formation + asexual reproduction |
Nitrogen-fixing enzyme |
📖
Cell structure
- •Prokaryotic type
- •Centroplasm → circular DNA / genophore
- •Genophore → non-histone protein
📖
Functions
- •Photosynthesis → photosynthetic lamellae
- •ATP synthesis → structural granules
📖
Reproduction
Table 1: Reproduction in Nostoc
Type | Condition | Method | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
Vegetative | Favourable | Hormogonium formation | Most common |
Asexual | Unfavourable | Akinetes | Resting/perennation |
Sexual | - | Absent | - |
📝
Note
Heterocyst thick covering → also helps in asexual reproduction + perennation
📚
CHLAMYDOMONAS
📖
Characters
- •Unicellular
- •Motile
- •Biflagellate
- •Flagella from blepharoplast / basal granule
- •Autotrophic nutrition
📖
Cell structure
- •Single large cup-shaped chloroplast
- •Pyrenoid present inside chloroplast
- •Pyrenoid → protein core + starch plates/grains
- •Pyrenoid → centre of starch formation
- •Stigma / eyespot → orange-red; anterior end
- •Eyespot contains carotenoids
- •Eyespot → photoreceptive organ; direction of movement
📖
Asexual reproduction
- •Zoospore → biflagellate
- •Aplanospore
- •Hypnospore
- •Palmella stage
- •Akinete
📖
Sexual reproduction
- •Isogamy
- •Anisogamy
- •Oogamy
- •Same genus shows range: isogamy → anisogamy → oogamy
📖
Relative sexuality
Unicellular organism producing 2 types of gametes → relative sexuality; discovered by Hartmann
📖
Life cycle
- •Haplontic
- •Zygote resting stage → thick covering → zygospore
- •Zygospore germination → meiosis
- •4 haploid spores formed
- •Each haploid spore → new thallus
📚
VOLVOX
📖
Characteristics
- •Single colony → ball-like; ≈ 0.5 mm diameter
- •Plant body → hollow sphere / coenobium
- •Thousands of cells arranged at periphery
- •Cells: germ cells + flagellated somatic cells
- •Extracellular matrix → glycoproteins
- •Individual cells → spherical
- •Cup-shaped chloroplast
- •Pyrenoids present
- •Nucleus + vacuoles + eyespot present
- •Each cell → 2 equal anterior flagella
- •Coordinated flagellar movement → colony locomotion
- •Each cell independently performs respiration, photosynthesis, excretion
- •Cytoplasmic strands connect adjacent cells
- •Oxygen production contribution
- •Food for many aquatic organisms
📖
Eyespot and polarity
- •Coenobium shows polarity
- •Anterior cells → larger eyespots
- •Posterior cells → smaller eyespots
- •Eyespot → light reception
- •Larger eyespot cells grouped together → phototaxis
📖
Harmful algal bloom
- •Volvox aureus may multiply rapidly
- •
- •HAB more frequent in warm water with high nitrogen content
📖
Life cycle
- •Haplontic
- •
- •
- •Cell differentiation → reproductive + somatic cells
- •Asexual reproduction → favourable condition
- •Sexual reproduction → unfavourable condition
📖
Asexual reproduction
- •Reproductive cells → gonidia
- •Gonidia produce daughter colonies
- •Mature daughter colonies released from parent
- •Gonidium → multiple divisions → ≈ 3200-cell colony
📖
Sexual reproduction
Table 1: Sexual Reproduction in Volvox
Feature | Description |
|---|---|
Type | Oogamous |
Coenobium | Monoecious or dioecious |
Male cell | Spermatozoa / antherozoids |
Female cell | Ova |
Ovum | Inside oogonium; large; non-motile; green; chloroplast + pyrenoids + food |
Spermatozoa | Inside antheridium; bunch; spindle-shaped; pair of apical cilia |
Antherozoids | Biflagellate; released in group or individually |
Attraction | Chemotactic movement toward oogonium |
Oogonium wall breakage | Proteolytic enzyme |
Fertilization | Many sperms may enter; only one fertilizes egg |
Zygote | Diploid; forms cyst; red due to haematochrome |
Dormancy | Zygote detaches after parent disintegration; long dormant period |
Germination | Meiosis → 4 haploid cells → multiple mitosis → colony |
📚
SPIROGYRA
📖
Habitat
- •Stagnant freshwater
📖
Common names
- •Pond scum
- •Pond silk
- •Water silk
- •Hair of princess
📖
Structure
- •Filamentous algae
- •Cells cylindrical
- •Outer pectinous wall → slippery filament
- •Chloroplasts → 1 to 16
- •Chloroplasts ribbon-shaped + spirally coiled
- •Many pyrenoids inside chloroplast
- •Pyrenoid → protein surrounded by starch
📖
Reproduction
Table 1: Reproduction in Spirogyra
Type | Condition | Method | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
Vegetative | Favourable | Fragmentation | Most common |
Asexual | Unfavourable | Akinete / hypnospore | Rare; never zoospore |
Sexual | End of favourable condition | Conjugation | Isogamy |
📖
Sexual reproduction
📝
Type
Morphologically isogamy; physiologically anisogamy
Table 1: Types of Conjugation
Type | Species | Mechanism | Key Points |
|---|---|---|---|
Scalariform conjugation | Heterothallic |
| |
Lateral indirect conjugation | Homothallic | Between active and passive cells |
|
Lateral direct conjugation | Homothallic | Between active and passive cells |
|
📝
Zygospore
- •Zygote formed → unfavourable condition
- •
- •Germination → meiosis
- •4 haploid spores formed
- •3 degenerate
- •1 develops into new Spirogyra
📚
ULOTHRIX
📖
Plant body
- •Unbranched filament
- •Attached to substratum by holdfast
- •Holdfast → hyaline / colourless
- •Holdfast lacks chlorophyll
📖
Cell wall
- •2 layers
- •Inner layer → cellulose
- •Outer layer → protopectin
- •Protopectin insoluble in water
- •Filament wet/slippery due to protopectin
📖
Cell structure
- •Single girdle-shaped chloroplast
- •1 or more pyrenoids
📖
Asexual reproduction
📝
Condition
Favourable
Table 1: Asexual Reproduction in Ulothrix
Spore/Stage | Features |
|---|---|
Zoospore |
|
Aplanospore | Thin-walled |
Hypnospore | Thick-walled |
Akinete | Resting spore |
Palmella stage | Mucilaginous stage |
📖
Sexual reproduction
- •Isogamous type
- •Heterothallic
- •Fertilization on water surface → external fertilization
- •Gametes motile + biflagellate
- •
- •Tetraflagellated zygote sinks to bottom
- •Zygote loses flagella
- •Thick covering forms → zygospore
- •Resting period
- •Zygospore meiosis → haploid meiozoospores
- •Favourable condition → new filaments
- •All spores germinate
- •Each spore → 1 plant
📖
Life cycle
Haplontic
📚
FUNGI
Q1.
Which one is not found in Agaricus. [MOE 2008]
📅MOE 2008
Q2.
The fungal spores which are produced at the tip of the hyphae are: [MOE 2064 Ashwin, IOM 2003]
📅MOE 2064 Ashwin, IOM 2003
Q3.
Agaricus the edible mushroom belongs to: [MOE 2063, IOM 2003, 2010]
📅MOE 2063, IOM 2003, 2010
Q4.
Which of the following shows heterotrophic mode of nutrition? [MOE 2064]
📅MOE 2064
Q5.
Yeast belongs to [MOE 2063]
📅MOE 2063
Q6.
Columella is found in the fruiting of: [MOE 2063]
📅MOE 2063
Q7.
Coenocytic mycelium of Mucor refers to: [MOE 2062]
📅MOE 2062
Q8.
The fungl in which zygospore is found is: [MOE 2061]
📅MOE 2061
Q9.
Motile spore in fungi is: [MOE 2003]
📅MOE 2003
Q10.
Commonest mode of reproduction in yeast is: [MOE 000]
📅MOE 000
Q11.
Late blight of potato is caused by: [IOM 2007]
📅IOM 2007
Q12.
The organism which has the property of changing sugar into alcohol is: [IOM 2006]
📅IOM 2006
Q13.
The association of fungus and roots of higher plants are called: [IOM 2006]
📅IOM 2006
Q14.
Which is used in brewing industry?[IOM 2005]
📅IOM 2005
Q15.
Mycorrhiza is association between:LIE 2009
📅LIE 2009
Q16.
Bread mould is the name of:[IOM 2003)
📅IOM 2003)
Q17.
Heterotrophic lower organism is: [IOM 2002, 2001
📅IOM 2002, 2001
Q18.
Branched conidiophores are found in: [IOM 2000]
📅IOM 2000
Q19.
Penicillin, which is widely used as antibiotic, is obtained from: [IOM 1997, 1996]
📅IOM 1997, 1996
Q20.
The mode of nutrition in fungi is mostly: [IOM 1997]
📅IOM 1997
Q21.
Ergotin is obtained from: [IOM 1996]
📅IOM 1996
Q22.
LSD is obtained from: [IOM 1996]
📅IOM 1996
Q23.
Bread becomes mouldy when exposed to air because of the presence of spores of Mucor/Rhizopus in: [BPKIHS 2000]
📅BPKIHS 2000
Q24.
"Clamp connection" and "Dolipore septum" are the characters of: [BPKIHS 2005]
📅BPKIHS 2005
Q25.
Yeasts are harmful for: [BPKIHS 2007)
📅BPKIHS 2007)
Q26.
Yeast is the important source of [BPKIHS 1994]
📅BPKIHS 1994
Q27.
Molecular formula of chitin is: [BPKIHS 2005]
📅BPKIHS 2005
Q28.
Black rust of wheat is caused by: [BPKIHS 2007]
📅BPKIHS 2007
Q29.
Reserve food material in fungi is: [I.E. 2004, MOE 2010]
📅I.E. 2004, MOE 2010
Q30.
In which of the following, collumella is present in sporangium [IE 2003]
📅IE 2003
Q31.
White rust can be found in: [IE 2001]
📅IE 2001
Q32.
Which of the following is not an autotroph [IE 2002]
📅IE 2002
Q33.
The part of the mushroom seen above the ground is: [IE 2002]
📅IE 2002
Q34.
Which belong to sac fungi [IE 2005]
📅IE 2005
Q35.
Which of following is absent in fungi? [IE 2006]
📅IE 2006
Q36.
Which of the following group is not comprised of sac fungi? [IE 2007]
📅IE 2007
Q37.
Sexual reproduction is absent in which class of fungi? [BPKIHS - 2016]
📅BPKIHS - 2016
Q38.
Foolish seedling/ Bakane disease of rice is caused by [BPKIHS - 2014]
📅BPKIHS - 2014
Q39.
Yeast is harmful for [BPKIHS - 2013]
📅BPKIHS - 2013
Q40.
In which of the following meiosis occur? [IOM-2014]
📅IOM-2014
Q41.
The fungus absorbs the food by [IOM-2013]
📅IOM-2013
Q42.
Mycorrhiza is [IOM-2016]
📅IOM-2016
Q43.
The secretory product of soil fungus 'green moulds' is called [IOM-2015]
📅IOM-2015
Q44.
Which of the following is constituent of fungal wall? [MOE 2014]
📅MOE 2014
Q45.
Reproduction in mucor occurs by [MOE 2014]
📅MOE 2014
Q46.
Gills occur in [MOE 2012]
📅MOE 2012
Q47.
The central portion of the gills of Agaricus is [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q48.
Mucor is commonly called as [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q49.
Apogamous sporophytes formed in ferns are [MOE 2068]
📅MOE 2068
Q50.
Mucor belongs to [MOE 2010]
📅MOE 2010
Q51.
Storage food of fungi is [MOE 2010]
📅MOE 2010
📚
LICHEN
Q1.
Lichens are ecologically important because [MOE 2061]
📅MOE 2061
Q2.
The mode of life of lichen is: [MOE 2058]
📅MOE 2058
Q3.
Which of the following is a composite dual organism? [MOE 2063]
📅MOE 2063
Q4.
Usnea is a [IOM 2004]
📅IOM 2004
Q5.
Which is wrong about lichens? [BPKIHS 2002]
📅BPKIHS 2002
Q6.
Organism which are indicator of SO2 pollution in air are [IE 2003)
📅IE 2003)
Q7.
Lichens are indicator of: [BPKIHS - 2010)
📅BPKIHS - 2010)
Q8.
Which one of the following is a fructose lichen? [MOE 2013)
📅MOE 2013)
Q9.
Lichen is association of [MOE 2010)
📅MOE 2010)